- .. , .. , . . elina@bio.krc.ru 30- . , , , , , - - . , , . , (), - . . , , , , . 7 , 1­3 . 2, - . , ­ CorelDraw, ­ - MapInfo. . , , - (, 1957; ,1981; , 1982; Zernitskaya, 1995 .). , , , . 117 - , .. ( ., 2000), . , . - . , ( ), , , , . ; , . , , .. (1962): « - ...». , . , , . , 10­100 , (.., 2001). . : 1. . 2. - . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . . : , , , , , (, 1981, 1994; . 1984; , 1995; Elina, 1991; Elina et al., 1995; Filimonova et al., 1996a, b; Filimonova, 1998; , , 2005 .). . (, , 1986), ( ., 1994; , , 1992; , , 1991). , . 118 , . - . - , . . , . - (). , . , . , . ­ , , (Erdtman, 1943; , 1952, ; , , 1965; , 1967; Hicks et al., 1996 .). . , , , (163 83 ). , ­ 5 , ­ 10 . 3 25 (, 1999, , 2005). . , , , , , . , , , . 119 . . Picea , Betula ­ . « » Picea Alnus, . Picea , , 2.2­4.8, Pinus ­ 0.7­1.1, Betula ­ 0.4­0.6, Alnus ­ 0.7­0.8 (, 2005). : 2­2.5 , ­ 2­3 , ( ., 1994) , , , . Betula czerepanovii, B. nana, Salix, Juniperus, Empetrum, Ericales, Rubus chamaemorus, Dryas octopetala, Ephedra, Chamaepericlymenum suecicum, Oxyria digina, Rumex, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Thalictrum alpinum, Urtica, Armeria, Draba, Helianthemum, Selaginella sellaginoides, Lycopodiaceae Polypodiaceae (, , 2000; ., 2002). 270 ( ); . (, 1942; Cape Project .., 2001 .) . - - (). , TILIA-2 TILIA GRAPH (Grimm, 1992). - , . . (. 1). 120 121 122 . 1. - - -II , 103 , 65 (n 14C = 269). .. , .. .. . . . .. . , , - , . , «» , . ­ ; , . , , . , , . , «» . , . , () (. 2). , , ­ . . - .. (1976), . 123 124 . 2. , (R,%), () (t ° , t ° , t ° , ) e 11 92 (, 1980, 1994; ., 1984, 1996, 2000; , , 1984; , 2005; , , 2005). , , , ­ . , , . 10500­8500 .. 2000 (. 3). , DR3, PB BO. . : (3) , ­ . 3, 10500 .., t ° 8.5°, ­ 18°, t ° ­ 12.5°, ­ 325 /, 2.5°, 4°, 3.5° 75 / . . , , , , , . : , , , , - . , , . , ( ). , , , , , , . 125 126 . 3. (, , ) 11 000 : t0 = +160, t0 = ­ 110, t0 = +20, = 550 4 «». , ­ , (: , 1987). . : SA ­ ; SB ­ ; AT ­ ; BO ­ ; PB ­ ; DR3 ­ ; AL ­ e ( ) - . - . . 11 , - . 22 2 ( ., 1988, 1995). , - (, 1976, 1986; , 1976; , ,1987; ., 1992; , 1984; ., 1997, 1998; Huttunen et al., 1994 .). «» ( ) (. 4). - «», : -. 7500 .. (. 4.1). 6500 2500 .., . 7500 .. . (. 4.2), . , , , 9000 .. . , ~5000 .. . , . (. 4.3­4.4). , : 6500 2500 .. . 127 128 . 4. , 11 , 2­4 -: 1­ (- ); 2 ­ - ; 3 ­ ; 4 ­ - ( «»). : 5 ­ (. ); 6 ­ - ; 7 ­ - ; 8 ­ ; 9 ­ - ; 10 ­ - ( «»); 11 ­ - . I­VI ­ «» : I ­ ; II ­ ; III ­ ; IV ­ ; V ­ ; VI ­ «» , (. 4.5­ 4.6). - , ( ), 10200 ..; ­ 11200 .. , , . , (. 4.7), 6 «», . - 5 «» (. 4.8). 6500 3500 .. (. 4.9­4.11) «», . , , . , . 3000 .. . . 1. , , , 52 14 ( ., 1996). (Sauramo, 1958; , 1969, 1986; , 1976; Elina, Filimonova, 1996 .). 1. ( ­ , ­ , ­ , ­ , ­ ) , . 9300 8900 8300 8000 7000 6000 BO1 BO2 BO3 AT1 AT2 * Betula pubescens, B.nana + Salix sp. Betula pubescens + Pinus, B.nana + Salix sp. Betula pubescens + Pinus, B.nana + Salix sp Betula pubescens + Pinus Pinus + Betula pubescens, Picea Pinus + Betula pubescens + - t , / 0 -6 -4 -1 (-3) -2 +1 0 -175 -150 -75 -50 -25 175 129 , . * Picea Pinus + Picea + Betula + Q m** Picea + Pinus + Q m Picea + Pinus + Q m Picea + Pinus (Q m) Picea + (Pinus) Picea + Pinus Pinus + Picea t0 +2,5 0 +2 +1 +0,5 +1 -1,5 , / 0 +50 +25 (+50) +50 -50 +25 (-25) -25 4700 4300 3200 2500 1800 800 0 AT3 SB1 SB2 SB3 SA1 SA2 SA3 () () * , ­ . ** Q m ­ . . , ­ , . (). 12000 , 7 . , «» . , . : -1. . (S = 352 2). : -2. . (S = 920 2). : -3. (S = 1200 2), -4. . (S = 2600 2), -5. (S = 2500 2). : -6. - (S = 12 000 2), -7. . (S = 3600 2). ( ., 2000), . (6000, 3500 1200 ..) - ( ., 2005). 130 : - , , - ( ), , , , , , . . , , . , ( - ). 5­7 , 10500, 9500, 8500, 6000, 3500, 1200 .. , . , , , . , . . ­ (, , ), ­ ( ). . ; (). , . (. 4) , . , . 29 ( ., 2000); 9 . 131 II. II.1. --: Betula nana, Salix, Empetrum (herma-phroditum), Vacinium (vitis-idaea myrtillus), Cassiope tetragona, Arctous alpina. : Dryas (octopetala), Ephedra (distachia), Helianthemum. : Ranunculaceae (Thalictrum), Polygonaceae (Rumex), Asteraceae, Rosaceae (Filipendula ulmaria), Fabaceae, Oxyria, Apiaceae, Cyperaceae; Bryales. 11200 10300 ..; ­ 9300 .. III. III.8. -: Betula pubescens, B. czerepanovii, Pinus sylvestris, Alnus incana, Juniperus, Salix; Betula nana, Ericaceae (Ledum, Arctous alpina, Fillodoce), Empetrum, Vaccinium (vitisidaea myrtillus), Rubus chamaemorus; hamaepericlimenum suecicum, ­ Lycopodium dubium, L. alpinum, L. lagopus, Diphasiastrum alpinum, D. tristachium, D. omplanatum, Selaginella selaginoides; Bryales, Sphagnum. ( ) , ( ) 11000 10000 ..; ­ 9000 .. IV. IV.15. --() (), () : Pinus sylvestris, Betula pubescens, Juniperus; Ericaceae (Calluna vulgaris), Empetrum (nigrum, hermaphroditum), Vaccinium; Rosaceae, Poaceae; Lycopodium clavatum, L. annotinum, Diphasiastrum complanatum; Bryales, (Lichenes). 9300 8000 .., . 4500 .. . - 6000­5000 .. IV.16. () - () - : Picea (obovata), Pinus sylvestris; Ericaceae, Vaccinaceae, Empetraceae; Bryales. - 3200..; . V. C . V.19. - () - (): Pinus sylvestris, Betula pubescens, Sorbus, Juniperus; Ericaceae, Vaccinium, Empetrum (nigrum), Pyrola, Poaceae, Asteraceae (Solidago); Diphasiastrum complanatum, Lycopodium annotinum, L. clavatum; Bryales, (Lichenes). B 9300 8000 ..; ­ 8000 5000 .. 132 V.21. () - () -: Picea obovata, P. abies, Pinus sylvestris, Ericaceae, Vacciniaceae (Vaccinium myrtillus), Diphasiastrum complanatum, Lycopodium clavatum, L. annotinum; Bryales. 4000 3200 ..; ­ 2500 .. . VI. . VI.27. () () - (): Picea (abies), Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Ulmus laevis, U. scabra, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; Corylus avellana, Viburnum opulus, Sambucus; Vaccinium, Trientalis, Oxalis, Cyperaceae; Polypodiaceae. 6000 4500 ..; ­ 7000 3200 .. VI.28. - : Picea (abies), Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Alnus glutinosa, Ulmus laevis, U. scabra; Corylus avellana, Salix, Viburnum opulus, Frangula alnus; Humulus lupulus, Apiaceae, Rosaceae (Rubus), Menyanthes trifoliata, Filipendula ulmaria, Cyperaceae, Poaceae (Phragmites, Calamagrostis), Polypodiaceae. 6000 3200 .. VII. - VII.29. - - : Picea (abies), Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Alnus glutinosa; Rosaceae (Padus), Frangula alnus, Viburnum opulus, Corylus avellana; Fabaceae (Orobus), Urtica;Polypodiaceae. 6000 5000 .. . , . , . , , . c . - , ­ . 133 , ´ «» (. 5), . ( ) - , 2, . . 5. - () 6 . 1 ­ ; 2 ­ ; 3­8 ­ : 3 ­ ; 4 ­ ; 5 ­ ; 6 ­ ; 7 ­ ; 8 ­ , : 1. - (1: 7500­6600 ..). 2. (2: 6600­ 6000 ..). 3. - (3, SB: 6000­2500 ..). 4. ()- (SA: 2500 .. ­ ). , 4 , - . 134 10 5 : 1. - (DR3: 11000­10150 ..). 2. - (: 10150­9300 ..). 3. - (1: 9300­8900 ..). 4. - - (2 3: 8900­7900 ..). 5. - (1: 7900­7000 ..). 6. - - - - - (2, 3: 7000­4800 ..). 7. - - (SB1: 4800­4200 ..). 8. - (SB2: 4200­3200 ..). 9. - - (SB3: 3200­2500 ..). 10. (SA: 2500 .. ­ ). . ­ , , , . , - , . 42 , . ( ., 2000). , . 6, 35 : : 1 ­ - . : 2 ­ ; 3 ­ Ericale;, 4 ­ Betula nana; 5 ­ (Betula sect. Albae); 6 ­ () ; 7 ­ . 135 : 8 ­ ( ) ( ); 9 ­ ; 10 ­ ; 11 ­ . : 12 ­ ; 13 ­ ; 14 ­ ; 15 ­ ; 16 ­ ; 17 ­ ; 18 ­ ; 19 ­ ; 20 ­ ; 21 ­ . : 22 ­ ; 23 ­ ; 24 ­ ; 24 ­ ; 25 ­ ; 26 ­ . : 27 ­ ; 28 ­ ; 29 ­ ; 30 ­ ; 31 ­ ; 32 ­ ; 33 ­ ; 34 ­ ; 35 ­ . : -, , . , MapInfo. , . (. . 3): 10500±100 .. (DR3) ­ ; 9500±100 .. (PB2) ­ ; 8500±100 .. (BO2) ­ ; 6000±100 .. (AT3) ­ ; 3500±100 .. (SB3) ­ . 1200±100 .. (SA2) ­ . , «», - . 136 , , . . 2 . (. 5) 2. - () 6 10500 26 25 9 32 8 ­ ­ ­ 9500 ­ 19 5 19 20 37 ­ ­ ,% 8500 6000 ­ ­ + ­ + ­ 10 ­ 17 8 57 12 15 33 ­ 47 3500 ­ ­ ­ 5 10 46 24 15 1200 ­ ­ ­ 6 12 56 26 ­ ­ ­ ­ 6 10 60 24 ­ , 6 , 4 (9500, 8500,6000, 3500 ..) . 6. 10500 .. , , - , . , , , , ­ . 9500 .. , . - Ericales Betula nana, . . - ( 660 ..) . . , . - . 8500 .. , , . 137 , , , . , . - - . 620 301 .. . , ­ -. 6000 .. . , . - , , «» , , . - - - . , ­ . 660 .. , 500­550 , . . . - - . (Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus), . , , - . 15­17%. «Biom-6000» (Tarasov et al., 1999). 3500 .. ­ , . , . , -. , ­ . -. 650 .. -, . 138 - . 20­24%. 1200 .. - . . ­ . - , - - . . - . : ­ 30%, - ­ ~ 35%. , - , ­ ; ­ , 2­ 3 . : · 10500 .. ­ -; · 9500 .. ­ -; · 8500 .. ­ ; · 6000 .. ­ - - ; · 3500 .. ­ - ( : ); · 1200 .. ­ - - . , - , . , , , , . - , ­ (. 6) (~ 4700 ..), . , ( ) 12000 4500 .., .. 7500 ; ( ) ­ 4500 . , ( ) 139 5000­7000 (, 1982), . . , - (- ) . - . , , , , , . - : , . , - ­ - . . , . . ., . . (, ) // . . .1 . 1987. 1. . 84--88. .. // . ., 1982. . 67­70 .. // . 1942. . 11. . 101­129. .. - // . ., 1969. . 152­164. .. - . ., 1976. 121 . .. . , 1986. 109 . .. . ., 1981.156 . .. - // . .. . XI. ., 1994. . 61­84. .., .., .. - . ., 1984. 128 . 140 .., .. // . , 1986. . 26­28. . ., . . - // . . 1992. . 77. 3. . 16­30 .., .., .., .., .. «» (- ) // . . 1994. . 79. 4. . 13­ 31. .., .., .., .. .., .., .. // . . 1994. . 7. 1. . 53­69. .., .., ... .// . . 1996. . 81. 3. .1­17 .., .. - // . . 2000. . 85. 9. . 34­55. .., .., .. ( ). , 2000. 241 . .., .., .. : // . . 2002. . 87. 1. . 3­27. .., .., .. . . 2005. 160 . .. // . .; . 1962. . 169­177. .., .., .. // - . ,. 1992. . 20­35. .. // . , . . 1976. 2. . 92­98. . . // . , 1980. . 177­185. . . ( ) // - 15 000 . ., 1994. . 61­93. . ., . . // . 1984. . 274. . 5. . 1164­1167. ( ). , 2001. 140 . .., .., .., .., .. . // . . . . 1997. . 103 (3). . 40­46. .., - .., .. - 141 // . . 1998. . 6, 3. . 87­96. 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